TL;DR The latest Comprehensive Modular Survey: Education (NSS 80^th round) highlights the rising financial burden of school education on households, especially in urban areas and private institutions. Household spending on students in non-government schools was nearly nine times higher than in government schools, with course fees forming the largest component of expenditure. The survey also shows the growing dependence on private coaching, particularly at higher levels of education, alongside sharp disparities across states, gender, and rural–urban regions.

Context

Education is a key indicator of social and economic development in India, influencing employment opportunities, income levels, and social mobility. Although school enrolment has improved significantly over the years through government initiatives and expanded access to schooling, concerns over affordability, quality, and inequality in education continue to persist. In recent years, there has been a growing shift toward private schooling, particularly in urban areas, leading to higher household spending on education-related expenses such as fees, books, uniforms, transport, digital learning tools, and private coaching. These rising costs have increased concerns about the financial burden of education on families and the widening gap between students studying in government and private institutions.

Who compiled this data?
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), through the National Statistics Office (NSO), conducted the Comprehensive Modular Survey: Education (CMS:E), 2025 as part of the 80th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS). The survey was carried out between April and June 2025 to generate nationally representative data on household expenditure related to school education, including spending on fees, books, uniforms, transport, and private coaching.

Where can I download clean & structured data related to this?

Clean, standardised, structured, and ready-to-use collection of datasets on Comprehensive Modular Survey: Education (CMSE) is available on Dataful. Key statistics covered in the collection include the distribution of students enrolled in school education by current enrolment level, the average expenditure per student on school education by current enrolment level, and the average expenditure per reported student on school education by school type, among others.

Key Insights

• The average annual household expenditure per student in government schools was estimated at ₹2,863, compared to ₹25,002 in non-government schools, with urban households consistently spending significantly more on education than rural households across all school types.

• Across states, the expenditure varies from less than ₹2,000 in Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh to more than ₹7,000 in Kerala in government schools. Meanwhile, in non-government schools, the amount varies from ₹15,857 in West Bengal to more than ₹40,000 in Delhi, Haryana, and Punjab.

• Course fees accounted for the highest average annual expenditure per student in India (₹7,111), followed by textbooks and stationery (₹2,002). Urban households spent significantly more than rural households across all expense categories, while average expenditure was consistently higher for male students (₹13,470) than for female students (₹11,666).

• There are significant interstate variations in the expenses incurred. The total expenditure ranged from as low as ₹5,907 in Bihar to over ₹50,000 in Chandigarh. In Manipur and Sikkim, transportation expenses alone exceeded ₹10,000. Moreover, in some northeastern states, spending on transportation was nearly equal to the amount spent on course fees.

• At the all-India level, 27% of students reported taking or having taken private coaching during the current academic year, with participation higher in urban areas (30.7%) than rural areas (25.5%). The share of students taking private coaching generally increased with higher levels of education, peaking at 44.6% among urban higher secondary students. However, in rural areas, participation declined from 36.7% at the secondary level to 33.1% at the higher secondary level.

• Average expenditure on private coaching rose sharply with educational level, increasing from ₹525 per student at the pre-primary stage to ₹6,384 at the higher secondary level across India. Urban households consistently spent more on private coaching than rural households, with average expenditure estimated at ₹3,988 in urban areas compared to ₹1,793 in rural areas.

• Across all levels, more than 50% of students in Bihar and Odisha and 78.6% in Tripura reported taking or having taken private coaching as compared to single digits reported in states like Telangana, Rajasthan, and Karnataka. The expenditures also varied from less than ₹500 in Chhattisgarh and Himachal Pradesh to more than ₹12,000 in Tripura.

Why does it matter?

The findings suggest that access to education in India is increasingly shaped not just by enrolment, but by a household’s ability to afford associated costs such as fees, transport, books, and private coaching. The sharp gap in expenditure between government and private schooling points to widening inequalities in educational access and learning opportunities. Higher spending in urban areas and the growing reliance on private coaching also indicate increasing privatisation and competitive pressures within the education system. Interstate disparities further highlight uneven educational ecosystems across the country, where the cost of schooling and dependence on coaching vary significantly. Together, the data underlines the importance of strengthening affordable and quality public education while addressing the hidden financial costs borne by households.

Key Numbers

• Government vs. non-government school expenditure per student: ₹2,863 vs ₹25,002 annually

• Rural vs. urban expenditure per student: ₹8,382 vs ₹23,470 annually

• Highest spending category: Course fees (₹7,111), followed by textbooks & stationery (₹2,002)

• Students taking private coaching: 27% nationally; 30.7% urban vs. 25.5% rural

• Highest private coaching participation: 78.6% in Tripura; over 50% in Bihar and Odisha

• Average private coaching expenditure: ₹2,409 nationally; ₹3,988 urban vs ₹1,793 rural